========================================= [ Hacker Supreme - Hacker Directory #18 ] [ Compiled by: Hacker Supreme. ] ========================================= (info Uploaded to The Cartel AE line.) --------- Wide-Area Networks Part 1 contains information on ARPANET and CSNET. Part 2 contains information on BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET. It is best if you read both files to better understand each other. These files will cover general information on wide-area networks, (I.E. ARPANET, CSNET, BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET), but may contain information in relationship with other networks not emphasized in these files. These files are NOT a hacker's tutorial/guide on these systems. ARPANET ~~~~~~~ ARPANET. The ARPANET, which is a major component of the NSFnet [National Science Foundation Network], began in 1969 as an R&D project managed by DARPA [Dept. of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]. ARPANET was an experiment in resource sharing, and provided survivable (multiply connected), high bandwidth (56 Kilobits per second) communications links between major existing computational resources and computer users in academic, industrial, and government research laboratories. ARPANET is managed and funded by by the DCA [Defense Communications Agency] with user services provided by a network information center at SRI International. ARPANET served as a test for the development of advanced network protocols including the TCP-IP protocol suite introduced in 1981. TCP-IP and particularly IP, the internet protocol, introduced the idea of inter- networking -- allowing networks of different technologies and connection protocols to be linked together while providing a unified internetwork addressing scheme and a common set of transport of application protocols. This development allowed networks of computers and workstations to be connected to the ARPANET, rather than just single-host computers. TCP-IP remain the most available and advanced, non-vendor-specific, networking protocols and have strongly influenced the current international standards of activity. TCP-IP provide a variety of application services, including remote logon (Telnet), file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP and RFC822). ARPANET technology was so successful that in 1982, the Dept. of Defense (DOD) abandoned their AUTODIN II network project and adopted ARPANET technology for the Dept. of Defense Data Network (DDN). The current MILNET, which was split form the original ARPANET in 1983, is the operational, unclassified network component of the DDN, while ARPANET remains an advanced network R&D tested for DARPA. In practice, ARPANET has also been an operational network supporting DOD, DOE [Dept. of Energy], and some NSF-sponsored computer science researchers. This community has come to depend on the availability of the network. Until the advent of NSFnet, access to ARPANET was restricted to this community. As an operational network in the scientific and engineering research community, and with the increasing availability of affordable super- minicomputers, ARPANET was used less as a tool for sharing remote computational resources than it was for sharing information. The major lesson from the ARPANET experience is that information sharing is a key benefit of computer networking. Indeed it may be argued that many major advances in computer systems and artificial intelligence are the direct result of the enhanced collaboration made possible by ARPANET. However, ARPANET also had the negative effect of creating a have--have not situation in experimental computer research. Scientists and engineers carrying out such research at institutions other than the twenty or so ARPANET sites were at a clear disadvantage in accessing pertinent technical information and in attracting faculty and students. In October 1985, NSF and DARPA, with DOD support, signed a memorandum of agreement to expand the ARPANET to allow NSF supercomputer users to use ARPANET to access the NSF supercomputer centers and to communicate with each other. The immediate effect of this agreement was to allow all NSF supercomputer users on campuses with an existing ARPANET connection to use ARPANET. In addition, the NSF supercomputer resource centers at the University of Illinois and Cornell University are connected to ARPANET. In general, the existing ARPANET connections are in departments of computer science or electrical engineering and are not readily accessible by other researchers. However, DARPA has requested that the campus ARPANET coordinators facilitate access by relevant NSF researchers. As part of the NSFnet initiative, a number of universities have requested connection to ARPANET. Each of these campuses has undertaken to establish a campus network gateway accessible to all due course, be able to use the ARPANET to access the NSF supercomputer centers, from within their own local computing environment. Additional requests for connection to the ARPANET are being considered by NSF. CSNET ~~~~~ CSNET. Establishment of a network for computer science research was first suggested in 1974, by the NSF advisory committee for computer science. The objective of the network would be to support collaboration among researchers, provide research sharing, and, in particular, support isolated researchers in the smaller universities. In the spring of 1980, CSNET [Computer Science Network], was defined and proposed to NSF as a logical network made up of several physical networks of various power, performance, and cost. NSF responded with a five year contract for development of the network under the condition that CSNET was to be financially self-supporting by 1986. Initially CSNET was a network with five major components -- ARPANET, Phonenet (a telephone based message relaying service), X25Net (suppose for the TCP-IP Protocol suite over X.25-based public data networks), a public host (a centralized mail service), and a name server (an online database of CSNET users to support transparent mail services). The common service provided across all these networks is electronic mail, which is integrated at a special service host, which acts as an electronic mail relay between the component networks. Thus CSNET users can send electronic mail to all ARPANET users and vice-versa. CSNET, with DARPA support, installed ARPANET connections at the CSNET development sites at the universities of Delaware and Wisconsin and Purdue University. In 1981, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) contracted to provide technical and user services and to operate the CSNET Coordination and Information Center. In 1983, general management of CSNET was assumed by UCAR [the Univ. Corporation for Atmospheric Research], with a subcontract to BBN. Since then, CSNET has grown rapidly and is currently an independent, financially stable, and professionally managed service to the computer research community. However, the momentum created by CSNET's initial success caused the broad community support it now enjoys. More than 165 university, industrial, and government computer research groups now belong to CSNET. A number of lessons may be learned from the CSNET experience. 1) The network is now financially self-sufficient, showing that a research is willing to pay for the benefits of a networking service. (Users pay usage charges plus membership fees ranging from $2000 for small computer science departments to $30,000 for the larger industrial members.) 2) While considerable benefits are available to researchers from simple electronic mail and mailing list services -- the Phonenet service -- most researchers want the much higher level of performance and service provided by the ARPANET. 3) Providing a customer support and information service is crucial to the success of a network, even (or perhaps especially) when the users are themselves sophisticated computer science professionals. Lessons from the CSNET experience will provide valuable input to the design, implementation, provision of user services, and operation and management of NSFnet, and, in particular, to the development of the appropriate funding model for NSFnet. CSNET, with support from the NSFnet program, is now developing the CYPRESS project which is examining ways in which the level of CSNET service may be improved, at low cost, to research departments. CYPRESS will use the DARPA protocol suite and provide ARPANET-like service on low-speed 9600-bit-per- second leased line telephone links. The network will use a nearest neighbor topology, modeled on BITNET, while providing a higher level of service to users and a higher level of interoperability with the ARPANET. The CYPRESS project is designed to replace or supplement CSNET use of the X.25 public networks, which has proved excessively expensive. This approach may also be used to provide a low-cost connection to NSFnet for smaller campuses. ---------------------------- - Short-Wave Radio Hacking - ---------------------------- Every day, tons of information is exchanged over the air waves. I have found news agencies, military computers, businesses, and even hacks. The standard method of exchange is called RTTY (Radio Teletype). It usually is used at 66/7 words per min. Instead of using ASCII, Baudot, a 5 bit character set is more widely used. There are many variations of it in use also. There are many other types of transmission standards besides RTTY that are commonly used. A few of the known: FAX (Facsimile) Helshcrieber- it's used to transmit pictogram-type alphabets (i.e. Chinese, Jap, etc.) instead of the American letters. SSTV- is similiar to Viewdata. Used for transmitting high-resolution pictures mixed with text. To start, you'll need to buy (card) a receiver (with a coverage of no less than 500 kHz-30 MHz and a resolution greater than 100 Hz) and a high quality antenna. These can usually be found at electronics stores. You will also need to get an interface and some RTTY software for your particuliar computer. Look in magazines like 'Amatuer Radio' or 'Ham Radio Today' for more information on that shit. Another good place to check is a CB store. NEWS AGENCIES- From these you can find all sorts of crap. You may even intercept a story being sent to the presses. They tend to operate at 66/7 words a minute (50 baud). A few of the more common 'fixed' bands they transmit over are: at kHz: 3155-3400 3950-4063 9040-9500 12050-12330 13800-14000 15600-16360 19800-19990 25210-25550 An easy way to tell if you have located a news agency is by some lame transmission being continuosly repeated. i.e. 'RYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRY' etc. This is done so they can keep their channels opened for reception. CONFERENCES- Another thing I found interesting was the channels that the amatuers congregated around. I frequently ran into people from foreign countries that couldn't even speak English. I even ran into other hackers from all over! A few of the more popular spots that amatuers hang out are: at kHz: 3590 14090 21090 28090 at MHz: 432.600 433.300 at VHF/UHF: 144.600 145.300 PACKET RADIO- A new development in radio transmission is the packet radio. From what I've seen, it's just like digital packet switching networks, i.e. Compuserve, Telenet, Tymnet, etc.; except slower. In fact, Compuserve has been researching a way to transmit its services cheaply. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Another Great Directory from Hacker Supreme. 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